12 ACADEMIC FREEDOM Academic freedom guarantees for each actor involved in scientific research or teaching activities carried out at the University (or affiliated institutions), as well as for students, freedom of speech, freedom to act and to communicate information, as well as freedom to seek and disseminate facts and knowledge without restriction. The intended purpose and intrinsic responsibility this freedom is destined to serve, as incumbent upon the University, relates to the development of new knowledge and to its dissemination to the widest audience possible. It involves, for university teaching and scientific research establishments (or affiliated ones), a certain institutional autonomy with respect to political, religious, or economic powers. All members of university staff, as well as students, must act as the custodians of the academic freedom they enjoy. Academic freedom constitutes an aspect of freedom of speech as guaranteed both by Article 19 of the Constitution and by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR, Mustafa Erdoğan and Others v. Turkey, May 27, 2014; Arbitration Court, November 23, 2005, #167/2005). Academic freedom of speech is also directly enshrined in Article 15, § 3, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (states “undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity”). This freedom is not absolute, but is subject to the necessary and proportionate restrictions imposed by all other rights and obligations arising especially from international law. AUTHORSHIP Authorship refers to a set of rights conferred on a natural or legal person in relation to any original intellectual creation of which they are the source, whether literary, artistic or scientific. This applies to publications, course materials, software, audiovisual works, or databases, for instance. BEST PRACTICES These refer to the set of behaviors, norms, and rules relating to the practice of a profession that are agreed upon by consensus and are considered indispensable to professionals of the field for reasons of quality, hygiene, safety, legislative compliance or ethics. These best practices are determined by communities of experts and are disseminated in the form of guides, charters or reference documents. For example, GLPs (Good Laboratory Practices) and GCPs (Good Clinical Practices) are subject to updates by international bodies. CIVILITY Civility is the adherence to the conventions and good manners observed within a social group. Quasi-synonymous with “politeness,” the notion of civility furthermore includes the emotional dimensions of affability, friendliness, and sociability. APPENDIX 2 GLOSSARY
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