14 French equivalent “moralité”. The contemporary French lexicon, influenced by the social and historical sciences, tends to reserve the term “moralité” for designating the system formed by the moral principles, rights, obligations, and duties incumbent upon individuals within a given society or community. An adjacent notion is that of “deontology,” which designates the duties, obligations, and rights within a given professional field. As for the term “ethics,” it more strongly suggests the idea of intellectual, reflexive, and deliberative activity arising from problems and dilemmas that “ready-made” morality or professional deontology are unable to solve. While ethics, in this sense, may concern personal or private life, it also has a place in public and professional life; in such cases, ethical reflection and deliberation are most often collective, entrusted to committees possessing both the expertise and legitimacy to establish common principles of action, rules, and shared best practices. The conventional distinction between ethics and morality should not obscure the fact that, as suggested by our initial definition, ethical thinking and deliberation, although involving critical thinking and pluralism, remain linked in one way or another to the moral backdrop of our social contract, in particular that of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN, 1966), the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its additional protocols, and Title II of the Belgian Constitution. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is the act of misappropriating the ideas, formulations, data, results, figures or intellectual productions of others and presenting them as one’s own. Self-plagiarism is the act of reusing one’s own previous works (text, data, results, publications, etc.) without identifying them as such, and presenting them as unpublished. PLURALISM Pluralism refers to an ethical and institutional principle that recognizes and respects the diversity of opinions, scientific approaches, and convictions of a philosophical, political or religious nature within the university community. Pluralism ensures an environment that is inclusive, critical, and open to debate, in line with the University’s missions of education, research, and service within a democratic framework. PRINCIPLE OF EXEMPLARITY The principle of exemplarity designates the idea according to which members of the university community (in particular, but not exclusively, teachers, researchers, supervisors, and authorities) must embody the values, behaviors, and ethical standards upheld by the University. PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS Under Belgian law, psychosocial risks at work are defined as the probability that one or several workers will suffer psychological harm, which may also be accompanied by physical harm, as a result of exposure to elements of work organization, content, working conditions or interpersonal relationships at work, upon which the employer has an impact and that may objectively involve harm. Psychological harm may, for instance, take the form of anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts. Physical harm may for instance take the form of sleeping problems, high blood pressure, palpitations, bowel issues. These risks can also have negative consequences for the whole organization, such as a toxic work environment, conflicts, additional costs entailed by workplace accidents, absenteeism, or a decline in the quality of work or in productivity. The most well-known manifestations of psychosocial risks at work are stress, burn-out, workrelated conflicts, as well as violence, and moral or sexual harassment in the workplace. (Source: FPS – Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue) REPRODUCIBILITY AND REPLICABILITY Reproducibility is the ability of a third party to obtain the same study results by reanalyzing the data with the same code or algorithms as supplied by the authors of a study. Reproducibility ensures transparency in research. Replicability characterizes research that can be replicated by another research team using the same GLOSSARY APPENDIX 2
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